Monday, January 27, 2020
International Development Policy
International Development Policy Political, economical and social development of developing countries has been a high priority on the global agenda. International development policy has gained momentum as issues such as poverty in some developing countries have been increasingly linked to global security issues such as terrorism. Global policy in regards to development has become more prevalent through the increase of international organizations and institutions. However, international development policy and its perceived importance to national economic, political and social growth within developing states has become a strongly debated issue. From the United Nations Millennium Development Goals to more regional and bilateral initiatives, development has remained a salient global issue. In recent decades, the focus of international development has shifted from economic to human development and from structural to sustainable development. Despite the various methods used of stimulating international development, Offici al Development Assistance (ODA) continues to be essential to many developing states. It can be argued that for this reason that institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which formulate and implement policy in relation to ODA, continue to have an increasing influence on developing states. In the last decades, an international development policy shift has taken place from structural adjustment programs focusing on economic reform and market-orientated policies to sustainable development incorporating social and environmental reform and human-orientated policies. One region greatly influenced by international development policy has been those developing states on the African continent. Many sub-Saharan states in Africa have been plagued by underdevelopment and continue to be heavily dependent on ODA. Despite reaping some benefits from the rapid economic growth in Asia and new economic partnerships with some BRIC states, most of the states in Africa continue to struggle with underdevelopment. Africa is a continent with enormous potential in both natural and human capital yet suffers from widespread poverty and human deprivation. The continent has the world’s highest proportion of poor, 46 %, and is home to more than 30% of the worlds poor (Cheru 2008, p.6). Despit e various development initiatives such as the Lagos Plan of Action for Economic Development of Africa, Africa’s Programme for Economic Recovery, the African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programme for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation, the Three Year Priority Programme for Survival, Rehabilitation of African Economies, the African Charter for Popular Participation for Development and the Compact for Africa’s Recovery, Africa’s developmental gains have been marginal. Africa’s problematic of underdevelopment has been blamed on exogenous factors such The post-World War II international system has increasingly witnessed more international and regional integration in addition to the rise of powerful non-state actors such as international , regional and transnational organizations. Organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) and multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly playing a more important role in the international system. The institutionalizing of liberal policies within states through international financial institutions indicates the increasing influence non-state actors have on state affairs and sovereignty. Therefore, globalization and the role of key international non-state actors has become a reality. Not only has the number of international organizations increased exponentially since the post -war period, the scope and regulating power has accordingly also increased. For instance, there are international organizations for international trade (World Trade Organization, G8, G20), finance and foreign aid(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, IMF, African Development Bank), health (World Health Organization), law (International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and Special Courts and Chambers for Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Lebanon), law enforcement (Interpol, Europol), humanitarian aid (International Red Cross and Red Crescent), migration (UNHCR), labor (International Labor Organization) and environment (UNEP) to name but a few! This excludes the additional formation of regional blocs for dealing with security (NATO, ECOWAS) and economic competitiveness within the global trade system such as NAFTA and many of Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs). This plethora of international and regional organizations has not simply served to deal with or regulate transnational iss ues without affecting state sovereignty. Supranational regional organizations such as the European Union (EU) indicate that states have voluntarily relinquished some sovereignty for the overpowering interest of mutual gain. International â€Å"The governance indicators establish a discursive field of state legitimacy and normalcy and ‘responsibilises’ states: construct them as ethical actors that are capable of correct and responsible choices and policies†(Lowenheim 2008: 255) The use of global governance indicators is a means by which donors of official development assistance (ODA) can allocate scarce resources to what are perceived to be â€Å"effective†governments in developing countries. Ineffective governments in developing countries, which create rent-seeking activities, are seen as less desirable for the allocation of these scarce resources. Global indicators can, therefore, be used to assist donors in their decision-making for the allocation of aid to recipient states. Global institutions have an increasing tendency to rate and rank the governance capacities and performances of states. This practice of ranking and rating has increased significantly in the last few decades. The UNDP has identified at least 130 performance indices of which 80% had been created between 1991 and 2005 (Bandura 2005: 5). Each of these indices rank and assess country performance in such aspects as openness, competitiveness, governance, development, health, education, human rights, security, globalization among others. World Governance Indicators for Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa To examine the trend in quality of governance in each of the three case studies, aggregate indicators for Voice and Accountability (V A), Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PSAV), Government Effectiveness (GE), Regulatory Quality (RQ) and Rule of Law (RoU) have been used from the World Governance Indicators (WGI) index. The WGI uses a scale between 2.5 to -2.5 where 2.5 indicates a high 41 quality of governance. The selected time frame used is from 2002 to 2011 (data was unavailable for 2001 and 2012). Although Nigeria and South Africa did not implement a majority of the recommendations, the case studies were included in the analysis to provide insight if any observed improvement was as a result of the APR recommendations or due to other determinants.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington?s futile war on drugs in Latin America?
Book review: â€Å"Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s futile war on drugs in Latin America†Edited by Ted Galen Carpenter Overview Introduction                                                       3 I Modest results after thirty years of war                              4 The war on drugs consequences on the drugs crops cultivation               4 The war on drugs consequences on the Latin American opinion               5 II The American strategy on the drug war: definitively a bad strategy?     8 The United States’ strategy on the war on drugs                         8 The causes of the American’s strategy failure                              9 III Is â€Å"legalisation†the solution for a decrease in the amount of drug in the united States’ streets                                             12 Conclusion                                                       14 Sources            ... ...ica, some countries have already talked about this solution: Jamaica in 2001, Uruguay in 2001, Mexico, Colombia†¦ Will those countries have the courage to face the United States on this issue? In Europe Does that means, that the world starts the pace of drug legalization? I still stay sceptic on this position. Conclusion To conclude, Ted Galen Carpenter shows in his book the failure of the thirty years war on drugs conducted by the United States in Latin America. A failure which is illustrated by the constant production of drugs in Latin America, the accentuation of scourges as poverty and corruption†¦ We can say that the United States’ strategy follows Say’s theory: the demand is conducted by the supply. However, as we have discussed about. This theory can not be applied on drugs market, as we have to take into consideration the dependence of drugs products. Sources      â€Å"Bad neighbor policy: Washington’s futile war on drugs in Latin America†, Ted Galen Carpenter,2003.      http://www.narconews.com/      http://www.cannabisnews.com
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Haditha – descriptive writing
Haditha is a large, peaceful farming town situated in western Iraq. It is saturated with primitive, concrete buildings that lace the sandy, debris-ridden roads. They are all painted a sickly shade of yellow which has flaked away from their exteriors over time and now reveals a depressing grey colour. The gigantic palm trees dwarf the grimy, one-floored houses. Most of the shops display smashed or boarded windows. The interiors are eminently dark. The wallpaper is badly torn and peeling away from the walls where it meets the ceiling. Scorch marks from grenades heavily stained the floor and deep bullet holes scarred the walls. No furniture is present – just small, sharp pieces of broken glass and devastated shrapnel. Corrugated iron awnings hang over the pavement at the front of the shops, dismally shadowing the people that walk beneath them. There is a small, crumbling petrol station at the end of the long road that looks like it hasn't operated for years. The attached shop also has smashed windows and vacant interiors. The sign on the roof of the building is badly corroded and rusting; some of the red, Arabic letters have fallen off completely. The pumps are severely damaged and submerged in litter and other large pieces of wreckage; the charred remains of a hatch-back lay next to them. Narrow, gloomy back alleys weave between the buildings of the town like a snake, creating a huge maze separated from the hustle and bustle of the streets. An M1 Abrams tank and a Stryker lie dormant on the road. They are both surrounded by a group of intimidating soldiers, with one of them lazily manning the mounted turrets. They wear baggy, yellow and green camouflage clothes; their chests buried in bags of ammunition and various other items. The rucksacks on their backs look huge in comparison to their bodies. A powerfully built soldier leans against the tank. He sweats under the intense sun and numerous layers of clothing he is wearing. He looks extremely athletic; his huge muscles stretch the fibres of his clothes to their limits. His head seems miniscule in comparison to his enormous, broad shoulders. He has a rugged, pasty complexion; his appearance seems paler still compared to the dark skin tones of the Arabs that nervously rush past. Rough stubble covers his jaw – it looks like he hasn't shaved in weeks! A small boom microphone is swung down the side of his face and hovers before his colourless lips. He is wearing dark sport shades, leaving the concealed part of his face to the imagination. His helmet isn't clipped together under his chin; it is slumped on the top of his head. The badly stitched insignia of the United States Marine Corps (a golden eagle, globe and anchor) on his left sleeve is ripped and torn, due to fall off at any minute. In his hands, he grips a scratched, matt black M16A4 assault rifle that is covered with attachments: a small sight, a cylinder-shaped laser distance finder and a grenade launcher. He is far from under-protected; he wears thick, deep grey padded gloves that look ten sizes too small for the soldier's shovel-like hands; along with camouflage pads that are loosely fastened to his bulging knee and elbow joints. The sun drearily hangs on the horizon, casting large, oblong shadows across the town. It slowly creeps down and out of sight, allowing the town to descend into darkness. The distant sound of repetitive gun fire that rattles through the air is rather soothing. The noise of large metal rotors from several Apache helicopters fills the air as they fly overhead, deafening everyone for miles around. Their chiselled, futuristic exteriors reflect something from a sci-fi movie. In a back alley, a dark-skinned insurgent stands facing a feeble-looking man, who anxiously holds a large, black leather briefcase. The insurgent's head is covered with a red, patterned table-cloth type material that falls below his neck; with only one small gap across his face that reveals his hard, piercing eyes. The rest of his body is draped in a brilliant white, silk robe. A grubby AK-47 with no stock is loosely strapped to his back. The man holding the briefcase has scars running across his face, the most prominent stretching from his ear right down to his lips; it looks like he has tried shaving with a cheese grater. Standing next to each other, the insurgent is almost a head taller than the man. Sweat pours down the man's face as he nervously hands the briefcase over to the insurgent, who eagerly stands awaiting the delivery. Their meeting is interrupted by two soldiers shouting loudly and running towards them. The insurgent and the man quickly scurry off into the embracing darkness of the back-alley. The town sinks in to darkness for another night. The cool, crisp air replaces the sweltering heat. A light breeze whistles over the empty town as people start heading for their homes; eventually the density of people in the streets declines into nothing. The few street lamps that braid the road faintly flicker. Bright green tracer from the direction of the distant gun-fire spontaneously shoots off into the night sky at various angles and then disappears from view. The lonesome soldiers huddle together around the grumbling vehicles, desperately trying to share the little body heat they have. In place of dark sports shades, they now wear huge, black bulky night vision goggles. All the lights are off, except for the moon that dimly lights up the night sky. The town is asleep.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Specialization Among Other Health Care Professionals Essay
SPECIALIZATION AMONG OTHER HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS: When we say that medical specialization is an outgrowth of scientific discovery, entrepreneurial practice as well as technological development, nursing specialization was also a recent response to this system of specialized medicine (Palmeiere 1981). This leads us to the discourses on how to tap the expertise of these specialized nurses into rendering services in remote and underserved areas in a country. There are numerous examples of how family nurse practitioners have bridged the gaps in the generalist physician shortages in many parts of USA. And hence in places like India it is high time we explore such possibilities where they can be incorporated into the health care team especially in primary and secondary levels. In the BRICS countries and specifically in Brazil and South Africa, nurses are the first-point-of-contact and back bone of primary care in the healthcare system. Such possibilities should be explored in countries like India as well. Similarly we can see that there are other areas within the context of health sciences that is moving towards the trend towards specialization, for instance, medical social work. Trend of specialization has pervaded into the field of pharmaceutical sciences and other health disciplines such as dentistry, physiotherapy etc. However, looking at the larger picture, similar to the field of medicine some of the challenges of specialization in other health care professions includeShow MoreRelatedTrend Towards Specialization : A Comparative History Of Medical Specialization Essay1397 Words  | 6 PagesTREND TOWARDS SPECIALIZATION According to the Council of Medical Colleges in New Zealand the term ‘generalist’ is used to refer to a vocationally registered doctor who works in primary or secondary care working with undifferentiated patients or in undifferentiated practice within their particular specialty area (Council of Medical Colleges 2013). They are trained across a broad curriculum and are the first point of contact with the health system for most of the patients. Historical data revealsRead MoreTrend Towards Specialization : A Comparative History Of Medical Specialization Essay1467 Words  | 6 PagesTREND TOWARDS SPECIALIZATION Careful analysis of the historical data shows that specialization originated in Paris in the early 19th century. Yet it is also said that medical practitioners have always been specialized, citing the references to Roman physicians. However the modern system of medical specialties came into existence much later. Bernice A Pescosolido in his book ‘Divide and Conquer: A Comparative History of Medical Specialization’ remarks that specialties are situated in their relevantRead MoreThe Role Of E-Portfolio And MSN Learning Outcomes1256 Words  | 6 Pagesdesired goal. MSN specialization track The IPC speciality track learning outcome is focused on the application of principles of epidemiology to perform environmental risk assessment, designing a solid infection prevention and surveillance program (American Sentinel.edu, nd). 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Importance of Nursing Theory Nursing theories were developed to help define the unique practice of nursing as its own separateRead MoreThree to One Doctor Sharing1708 Words  | 7 Pageshighway 12, approximately half an hour from each other. These small towns, although quite distant from each other share one very important thingâ€â€a doctor on call. This is becoming a more common trend in rural areas with a decline in health care physicians willing to work in such a secluded area far from amenities. This means that some days a physician is available in one town for as little as an hour or simply not present in the hospital at all. 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Thursday, December 26, 2019
The And Early Termination Of Mental Health Services For...
Integrative Practice Underutilization and early termination of mental health services for Latinos in the U.S continues to be a concern for current research and practice in social work. A synthesis of current research demonstrates that there are several factors impacting access and utilization of mental health services for Latinos. According to U.S Department of Health and Human Services (2001), although Latinos are at increased vulnerability for developing mental illness, they continue to be half as likely in comparison to whites to access mental health services. Low rates of utilization of mental health services among the Latino community can be associated to a variety of factors including socioeconomic factors, cultural variables, stigma, psychotherapeutic challenges, client-therapist interaction (Kouyoumdjian, Zamboanga, Hansen, 2003). Mental health conditions can significantly impact and individual’s ability to function and achieve their highest potential, consideration of these factors is es sential in order to address the needs of a vulnerable population, and support Latinos in accessing mental health services when needed. This learning brief will focus on exploring how client system factors specific to Latinos’ resources, culture and worldview are associated with the underutilization of services for Latinos and important implications for practitioners when providing treatment. Latinos living situation in the U.S, place them at risk for living in poverty and limitedShow MoreRelatedImproving Access For Psychiatric Treatment For Children1779 Words  | 8 Pagespopulation in mental health system of care. Researchers estimates that one in ten children and adolescents suffers from illness severe enough to cause some level of psychiatric problems in the United States (Gonazles, 2005). 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ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administrationâ€â€United States. 2. Information services United Statesâ€â€Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1â€â€dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright  © 2007 by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran All rights reserved. No portion
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Essay about The History of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
Women’s suffrage, or the crusade to achieve the equal right for women to vote and run for political office, was a difficult fight that took activists in the United States almost 100 years to win. On August 26, 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified, declaring all women be empowered with the same rights and responsibilities of citizenship as men, and on Election Day, 1920 millions of women exercised their right to vote for the very first time. The women’s suffrage movement is thought to have begun with the publication of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792. Wollstonecraft is considered the â€Å"mother of feminism†and wrote of the sexual double standards between men and†¦show more content†¦In 1848 a group of women met at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York and began to formulate a demand for the enfranchisement of American women (Women’s Suffrage, 2011). Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, stating that â€Å"a man should not withhold a womans rights, take her property or refuse to allow her to vote†(Kelly, 2011, para.3 ). The convention participants spent two days arguing and refining the content of the Declaration of Sentiments, then voted on its contents; the document received support from about one third of the delegates in attendance. The Seneca Falls Convention was n ot a resounding success, but it â€Å"represented an important first step in the evolving campaign for women’s rights†(Tindall Shi, 2010, p.374, para.1). During the 1850’s the women’s rights movement in the United States continued to build, but lost momentum when the Civil War began. After the war ended, the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were drafted and ratified; protection to all citizens - with the term â€Å"citizens†defined as male, and suffrage for black men, respectively. The drafting of the 15th Amendment caused animosity with women’s rights activists and led them to believe that this was their chance to push lawmakers for truly universal suffrage. They â€Å"alliedShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Womens Movement for Suffrage and Womens Rights1200 Words  | 5 PagesPrior to the famous movement for womens suffrage in the society, women had little or no say in the society. If they happen to be working, it was gruelling things like housework that would sometimes extend over the course of the whole day, or, later on during the famous industrialization era that took place, in variou s factories they get paid very little and work long hours. On the other hand women had the go ahead to vote but in only some states, it was practically a big joke to think of a womanRead MoreWomen‚Äà ´s Suffrage Movement of Europe1187 Words  | 5 PagesThroughout history, women have struggled for equality in all parts of the world. European women fought for suffrage for an extremely long period of time before they were granted full voting rights. Each country approved women’s suffrage at different times, but it occurred in most European countries in the early 20th century. The first country to develop universal suffrage was Finland in the year 1906(â€Å"Women’s Suffrage in Europe†). One of the last countries to become open about women’s voting rightsRead More The First World War and Womens Suffrage in Britain Essay1743 Words  | 7 Pagesfor feminism in Britain. The suffrage movement began as a struggle to achieve equal rights for women in 1872. Women then became active in their quest for political recognition, which they finally obtained in 1928. This investigation assesses the question: To what extent did the First World War lead to the accomplishment of the women’s suffrage movement of Britain in 1928? Two of the sources used in the essay, The Women’s Suffrage: a short history of a great Movement by Millicent Garrett FawcettRead MoreWhat was the Women’s Suffrage Movement, and How did it Change America?711 Words  | 3 PagesSuffrage: the right to vote in political elections. The men in America have always had the right to vote. They have always had the right to do whatever they wanted. Women, on the other hand, have not. They haven’t always been allowed to vote. 1920 marked a significant landmark in American history. Women in all parts of the country voted in a political election for the first time. This may not sound like that big of a deal, but to the women of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1800s, women wereRead MoreWomens Suffrage1114 Words  | 5 PagesWomens Suffrage University of Phoenix - Online HIS/120 - US History 1865 - 1945 November 2007 Womens Suffrage Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the suffrage movement. Womens Suffrage Background Read MoreWomens Rights Movement1336 Words  | 6 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the suffrage movement. The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. MargaretRead MoreWomens Movement Impact1449 Words  | 6 PagesThe Women s Movement, including the Women’s Rights Movement and The Women’s Suffrage Movement, had a significant impact on U.S history. In order to understand if the movement met the set goals, we must look at what the value of women is today. Politically, new laws and amendments were passed to support women and their rights. Socially, women became more respected and accepted. Economically, women were given more roles in society. Educationally, women were given more education and career opportunitiesRead MoreThe Fight to Vote Essay1312 Words  | 6 Pagesright to vote in the Civil Rights Movement in the early and mid 1900s. Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment and the Voting Rights Act to give African Americans the rights to vote. It would have not occurred if the Civil Rights Movement had no t taken place. The Nineteenth Amendment would not have occurred either if not for the Civil Rights Movement. The freedom to vote is now held by a majority because of the fight by the people involved in the Civil Rights Movement, and the African Americans andRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement During The Nineteenth Century1632 Words  | 7 PagesBrian Marshall Ms. Place APUSH I May 26, 2016 Women’s Rights Movement Women in the nineteenth century began to fight for their rights as they were inspired by other abolitionist movements. Women were denied basic natural rights that were given to men. For example, women were not allowed to vote or own property. They also earned less money than men, even if they were working the same job. Men also had a more variety of opportunities in regarding jobs and careers. Women were expectedRead MoreThe Women Suffrage Movement1745 Words  | 7 PagesThe Women Suffrage Movement The right to vote, the right to go to college, the right to own property. Some people take it as a right that they had all along. That is far from the truth. Suffragists fought long and hard for many years to gain women suffrage. Before the suffrage movement began, women did not have the right to vote, child custody rights, property rights, and more (Rynder). The American Women Suffrage Movement was going to change that. People known as suffragists spoke up, and joined
Monday, December 9, 2019
International Business Marketing Strategies
Question: Discuss about the International Business for Marketing Strategies. Answer: Introduction In this assignment the researcher has selected two companies from Electronics industry. The two companies of Electronics industry are Samsung and Apple. Both the organizations are competitors of each other. Two companies have taken different decisions in different time horizon to make their products successful. The decisions have both bad and good effects on the functioning of the organizations. In this assignment the researcher has thoroughly discussed the marketing activities of the organizations. The researcher has also found out the competitive advantage of the organizations. Background of Samsung Samsung is a Korean multinational company and has been successful in the field of Electronics industry (Samsung 2016). The organization has started its business in the year 1939 as a trading company. Samsung was founded by Mr. Lee Byung-chul. In the year 1988 Samsung has started its business in the field of Electronics industry (Samsung 2016). The head office of the organization is situated at Suwon in South Korea. Samsung produces different types of Electronics products like mobile phones, television, laptop, LED and tablets. The organization has also diversified its products and produces home appliances (Samsung 2016). Samsung has spread its business across the world and is the second largest company in the field of electronics technology. Samsung has employee strength of over three million and generates revenue of two hundred trillion South Korean won (Samsung 2016). The mission of the organization is to create a brand image of their product. Samsung's main objective is to produce the new mobile phone with latest technology and softwares (Samsung 2016). The vision of the organization is to inspire the world and create a new future. Background of Apple Apple is an American multinational company. The organization was founded by Mr. Steve Jobs in the year 1976 (Apple 2016). The organization mainly focuses on the production of Computer hardware, computer software and consumer electronics. The head office of the organization is situated at Cupertino in California. Apple also produces Smartphone and iPhone. The organization has its business worldwide and has employee strength of over one hundred million. The organization generates revenue over 233 billion US dollars (Apple 2016). Apple is also declared as the worlds largest information technology company in terms of revenues generation. The mission statement of the organization is to produce the best personal computers in the world. Apple has created the revolution in the field of digital music by the installation of iTunes and iPods (Apple 2016). The vision statement of the Apple Inc is to produce products which are simple and can win the hearts of the people. The mission and vision statement of the organization also motivates the employees to provide their best output (Apple 2016). All these have made Apple an efficient player in the field of the electronics industry. Decision of the organization Decision of Samsung As stated by Ahmed and Rahman (2015), the top management of Samsung has taken effective decision to make the product successful. The organization has effectively managed their human resources and technology to make the organization successful. Samsung has introduced standardized development system to increase the speed of work. The design section of the organization is always involved in producing latest models and softwares to capture a maximum of the market share. As stated by Azadi and Rahimzadeh (2012), the organization has ventured into a new market to increase their volume of sale. Promotional strategies of the organization have also helped the organization to be successful. Along with these in the new market, the organization follows market penetration pricing strategy which increases the sale of the organization. Samsung has also launched a sabbatical program which has made the organization successful over the years. Table 1: Success Graph of Samsung (Source: Samsung 2016) The decisions are also not suitable for Samsung in all respect. Samsung has not introduced Samsung Galaxy Note 5 in Europe. Samsung Galaxy Note 5 was the best product of the organization and was a versatile product. Commercially the product has been successful across the globe (Gatautis and Vitkauskaite 2014). Instead, Samsung launched Galaxy S6 in Europe which was a complete failure. This decision of not launching Samsung Galaxy Note 5 was a serious challenge for Samsung. Samsung also launched mini smartphone trend which was also a serious challenge for Samsung. Along with these Samsung has copied the product of Apple in 2015. Samsung Galaxy S6 was copied from Apple INC, and the company has faced a huge penalty for this activity. Decision of Apple Apple has decided to launch a product which is user-friendly in nature and is easy to use. The user interface of the product is made simpler and attractive. According to Ginevicius, Podvezko and Ginevicius (2013), Apple has introduced launching of tools like power users and rookies to attract customers. This decision of Apple has made the product successful. The top management of the organization has understood the need for customer satisfaction. Apple has increased their number of service centers t provide the customers a better service. This activity of the organization was successful. In general, Apple does not invent any new product. The organization only reinvents the models which already exist. This activity of Apple has helped the customers to use the products easily (Bamigbola 2013). Apple has also developed a new strategy which is a nightmare for their competitors. In this new strategy, Apple are launching the idea of the product two years before its launch. Customers have t o order the products with a token money. This decision of Apple has paved a success story for the organization. Table 2: Success graph of Apple (Source: Apple 2016) Apple has sold of Pixar Graphics in the year 1986. Pixar Graphics used to make animated films. As stated by Helm and Gritsch (2014), top management of the organization has not understood the importance of animated films and has sold the hardware platform. Pixar Graphics in the latter stage has come out to be a successful hardware to produce animated products. Apple has always used Mac platform in their electronics device. Mac platform cannot be easily exchanged with other devices. The organization has not shown interest in changing the platform. This also was a severe problem for Apple. Apple has lost a lot of customers because of this issue. Apple has also experimented with Mac clones (Kim et al. 2014). This also proves to be disastrous for Apple. Innovative ideas New innovative ideas of Samsung Samsung has used technology to produce new products. Innovation with technology has placed Samsung is being placed in a new horizon with the help of technology. As stated by Onishi and Manchanda (2012), the speed of the RAM in the mobile phones has been increased to 4 Mbps. The screen of the mobile phone is made up Gorilla Glass and cannot be easily destroyed. Television screens are made of Curved which is an innovation in the sector of the television industry. Marketing activities are also reinvented to attract customers. The organization has also introduced online selling facility to sell their mobile phones. The app is also launched by Samsung where the customers can get the details of the product. Customers can also buy the product in this online app. All these have helped Samsung to market their products in a new horizon. Market Share of Samsung is also rising because of these new innovative ideas. Samsung has also promoted its product with the help of internet (Ozment 2015). Ev en kiosks are set up in shopping malls and restaurants where customers can have a glimpse of the new products. Smart phones have also helped Samsung to increase their market share. Innovation has helped Samsung to remain ahead of competitors. Table 3: Market Share of Samsung and Apple (Source: Samsung 2016) New innovative ideas of Apple Apple on the other does not believe in innovations. The motto of the organization is to redefine the old ideas and projects to create a new market. As stated by Pavlou and Stewart (2015), Apple has a well developed Windows platform which has made the products of Apple completely different from the others. The organization believes in turning on ordinary products to something beautiful. The products are made user-friendly, and this is an added advantage for the organization. The organization follows Premium pricing strategy for their customers. However in order to attract a lot of customers, the organization has also introduced market penetration pricing strategy. In market penetration pricing strategy the price of the products are kept low to attract customers. Marketing Activities Marketing activities of Samsung The main motto of Samsung is to promote its product in both national and international markets. Samsung has followed several strategies to attract customers. Channel marketing is an effective way for the marketing activities of the organization (Pistol and Bucea-Manea 2014). Dealers are mainly responsible for corporate sales. They also contact with the showrooms to open new kiosks out there. Samsung also gives different types of discount offer to increase their volume of sales. Website marketing strategy is used by the organization where the customers can get the details of the product from the internet. Samsung has also organized a survey from where the organization can get an idea of the requirement of the people. As stated by Rahmani, Emamisaleh and Yadegari (2015), the organization produces the product according to the requirement of the people. All these have helped Samsung to increase their sale. In different parts of the world Samsung has also made alliances with local producers to sell their product. This has helped the organization to start their new venture in remote corners of the world. Marketing activities of Apple Apple uses premium pricing strategy. The products of the Apple are produced mainly for the elite customers. The high pricing strategy of Apple increases the profit volume of the organization. The premium pricing strategy of Apple only occupies a smaller portion of the market. However, Apple is planning to launch products so that they can also attract other customers (Resnick et al. 2016). The price of the product will be kept relatively low. Apple has produced products which are of high quality and have fewer defects in the product. This has increased the loyalty of the customers. Distribution strategy of Apple is mainly done through selective distribution channels. The product of Apple is mainly sold through Apple stores and Apple outlets. Retail shops of Apple are also spread widely across the world. Retailers like Walmart and Best Buy also help Apple in selling their products (Rosohata 2012). However, the organization sells its products heavily through online Apple Stores. Apple has also linked up with online shopping companies like Amazon and Flip Kart to sell their products. Apple mainly promotes their products through the website of the organization and Apple Stores. Sales executive of the organization are also responsible for creating rapport with the customers and sell products (Waterschoot and Bulte 2012). The organization has also introduced brand ambassadors to promote their products. Famous personalities like film stars and athletes are the brand ambassador of the organization. Competitive advantage Competitive advantages of Samsung Samsung has a well developed Research and Development team. New equipment has also been installed in the laboratory of the Samsung to produce innovative products. As stated by Ahmed and Rahman (2015), the employee of the Samsung are experienced and well educated with latest technologies and softwares. The organization has also ventured into different markets through alliances with other organizations (Zeriti et al. 2014). This has helped Samsung to start their business activities in various parts of the world. The prices of the product are also kept low so that everyone can but their products. Advertising has also been a unique feature of Samsung. The organization promotes its product through massive advertising. Samsung also has an ability to develop a product within a short period of time. This has helped Samsung to spread its product in a wide region within a short period of time. Samsung has also changed the product according to the requirement of the customer. This has helped Sa msung to remain ahead of its competitors. Competitive advantage of Apple Apple main competitive advantage is their brand. Apple is the most valuable brand in the world and has millions of customers across the world. As stated by Azadi and Rahimzadeh (2012), the product of the Apple is simple and is user-friendly. This has helped Apple to remain a sustainable advantage over its competitors. The music system of Apple is unique and had created a revolution in the field of music systems. Integration is also another important feature of Apple. One of the unique competitive advantages of Apple is that it declares the launch of the product almost two years before its launch. This activity of Apple has helped Apple to remain a step ahead of its competitors. Conclusion In this assignment the researcher has discussed different decisions taken by the organization Samsung and Apple in the different period of time. The decisions have both a positive impact and negative impact on the business of the organizations. The market share of the organization are also evaluated by the researcher thoroughly. Innovative ideas and marketing strategies of Samsung have helped the organization to remain ahead of its competitors. Samsung believes in innovation whereas Apple believes in modifying their products according to the requirements. Apple has also kept their products simple, and the customers can easily operate the products. All these have helped both the organizations to remain in a competitive position in the electronics industry. 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